A – Z Cryptocurrency Glossary & Acronyms
KAPA CRYPTONEWS Updates
Crypto Glossary
Learn all of the most important blockchain and cryptocurrency terms and jargon here.
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0x Protocol: 0x is a platform on Ethereum for exchanging cryptocurrencies, enabling the creation of features like decentralized exchanges, wallets, or marketplaces.
1hr: Represents data for the past 1 hour.
24hr: Represents data for the past 24 hours.
30d: Represents data for the past 30 days.
401(k) Plan: A retirement savings program where US employees contribute to their retirement, with employers matching contributions.
51% Attack: When more than half of a network’s computing power is controlled by a single entity, allowing for potential manipulation.
52-Week High/Low: The highest and lowest market price of an asset over the past 52 weeks.
52-Week Range: The difference between an asset’s highest and lowest prices over the past 52 weeks.
7d: Represents data for the past 7 days.
80/20 Rule (Pareto Principle): States that 20% of actions lead to 80% of results.
Abenomics: Economic strategy in Japan with three arrows: monetary policy, fiscal stimulus, and structural reforms.
Abnormal Return: Unusual profits from specific assets over a specific time period.
Absolute Advantage: When a company can produce the same product using fewer resources than others.
Absolute Return: Refers to the return on investment obtained in a specific period.
Abstract: Something that exists as an idea.
Abstraction Scalability: Expansion in a system’s overall ability, allowing programming components as building blocks.
Accepting Risk (Acceptance): Risk management strategy where companies accept risks instead of investing resources to tackle them.
Account: A record tracking financial activities of a specific asset.
Account Abstraction: Making it easier for users to interact with blockchain by customizing elements of smart contract accounts.
Account Balance: Amount in a bank/cryptocurrency account available for immediate access.
Account Number: A string used to identify a specific bank account and account holder.
Accountability: Readiness to assume responsibility for one’s actions.
Accounting Conservatism: Recognizing future expenses and liabilities immediately in volatile situations.
Accounting Method: Rules determining when revenues and expenses are recorded in an organization.
Accounting Token: Tokenized credit or debit entries, similar to spreadsheet-based accounting.
Accredited Investors: Qualified individuals or organizations participating in financial opportunities not available to regular investors.
Accretion (of a Discount): Gain from the difference between discounted purchase price and face value of an asset.
Accrual Accounting: Recording revenues and expenses when they occur, not when payment is made.
Accrue: Accumulated interest, income, or expenses over time.
Accrued Income: Income earned but not yet received, according to the accrual method.
Accrued Interest: Interest owed by or to a company on a specified date for a financial obligation.
Accrued Liabilities: Financial obligations not credited due to outstanding invoices.
Accrued Revenue: Sales recorded without receiving payment at the time of the sale.
Accumulation Phase: Stage after a downtrend where institutional investors signal a positive uptrend.
Accumulation/Distribution Indicator: Determines supply and demand levels of a stock/asset/cryptocurrency.
Acid Test Ratio: Tool indicating a company’s ability to pay off current liabilities.
Acquisition: Buying out another company by purchasing a controlling stake.
Acquisition Cost: Total cost for a company’s property, equipment, or assets, adjusted for various expenditures.
Acquisition Premium: Price difference between the paid amount for a company and its assessed market value.
Active Management: Requires active portfolio management by a manager or team.
Activist Investor: Individual or institution seeking a controlling stake in a company to instigate changes.
Adam Back: British cryptographer, cypherpunk, and crypto industry figure.
Adaptive State Sharding: Approach used by Elrond to improve communication and performance.
Address: A place where cryptocurrency can be sent and received.
Administrative Expenses: Costs incurred by an organization, including benefits, salaries, rent, and managerial compensation.
Adoption Curve: Indicates the pace of adoption of a new technology.
Advance/Decline Line (A/D Line): Technical indicator plotting the difference between advancing and declining issues in the stock market.
Aeternity Blockchain: A hybrid consensus blockchain network.
Affiliate: Connection between two firms where one has a small stake in the other.
Affiliate Marketing: Promotion technique where a business pays a commission for promoting goods and services.
Agency Problem: Challenge of persuading one party to act in the best interests of another.
Agency Theory: Discusses setting up agency relationships to minimize disputes between agents and principals.
Agent: Third party given legal right to represent and enter contracts on behalf of a business.
Aggregate Demand: Total demand for finished services and goods in an economy.
Aggressive Investment Strategy: High-risk strategy aiming for maximum returns.
AI Coins: Designed to streamline AI-related transactions through blockchain.
Air Gap: Concept ensuring data security by preventing access.
Airdrop: Marketing campaign distributing a specific cryptocurrency or token to an audience.
Airnode: Oracle node and API blockchain gateway deployed by API providers.
Alan Greenspan: Former head of the US Federal Reserve.
Algo-Trading (Algorithmic Trading): Automated trading based on computer algorithms.
Algorithm: A set of rules for problem-solving or calculations.
Algorithmic Market Operations (AMOs): Controls supply of algorithmic stablecoins, improving scalability and transparency.
Algorithmic Stablecoin: Uses an algorithm to issue more coins when prices increase and buy them off the market when prices fall.
All Risks Coverage: Insurance covering any risk not explicitly omitted in the contract.
All-Time-High (ATH): Highest point in price or market capitalization a cryptocurrency has reached.
All-Time-Low (ATL): Lowest price a cryptocurrency has hit during its trading history.
Allocated Gold: Form of gold ownership where an investor physically owns a specific amount stored in a secure vault.
Allocation: Allotment of equity or tokens for a specific entity.
Allocation Efficiency: Allocating resources to optimize organizational efficiency.
Allotment: Systematic distribution or assignment of resources in a business.
Alpha: Financial tool indicating an investment’s performance relative to its benchmark index.
Alpha Version: Preliminary version of software for testing usability and interface.
Alphanumeric: Phrases consisting of both letters and numerals.
Altcoin: Term for cryptocurrencies other than Bitcoin.
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Altcoin Trader
An altcoin trader engages in the exchange of cryptocurrencies other than Bitcoin.
Alternative Investments
These are assets with low correlation, offering different risk-adjusted returns compared to traditional equity and fixed income investments.
Amalgamation
An amalgamation is the merging of two or more organizations, recognized as separate legal entities by jurisdiction laws.
Amazon S3
Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3) is a web-based cloud storage service, scalable, high-speed, and cost-effective.
Amended Return
An amended return is a revised version of your initial tax return.
AMLD5
The European Union’s 5th Anti-Money Laundering Directive (AMLD5) updates the AML framework.
Anarcho-capitalism
A political philosophy embraced by many in the crypto community, originally conceived by economist Murray Rothbard.
Anchoring and Adjustment
Anchoring is a psychological phenomenon influencing decision-making based on preconceived ideas.
aNFT (Autonomous NFT)
aNFTs are non-fungible tokens programmed to initiate their own transactions, acting as self-contained entities.
Angel Investor
An angel investor financially supports new business ventures or startups.
Animal Spirits
These are non-economic forces driving the economy, including psychological factors like confidence and fear.
Annual Percentage Rate (APR)
APR is the annual interest amount a borrower pays, calculated by multiplying the periodic interest rate by periods in a year.
Annual Percentage Yield (APY)
APY is the rate of return gained annually on a specific investment, factoring in compounding interest.
Annual Report
An annual report provides detailed insights into a company’s financial performance and future prospects.
Annualized Rate of Return
It measures and tracks the performance of an investment over time.
Anonymous
Anonymity refers to something not being known or named.
Anti-dump/Anti-Dumping Policy
In blockchain, it protects investors from pump and dump schemes.
Anti-Fragile
Assets with anti-fragility perform better when exposed to volatility and shocks.
Anti-Malware
It’s software preventing, detecting, and removing malware from computers and electronic devices.
Anti-Money Laundering (AML)
International laws curbing money laundering through cryptocurrencies into cash.
Antitrust Law
Laws preventing unfair competition or monopolistic practices by businesses.
Antivirus
Software designed to protect against malicious software and cyber attacks.
Antpool
One of the largest Bitcoin mining pools, aggregating computing power for block rewards.
Apeing
A cryptocurrency trader hastily buying a token after its project launch without thorough research.
API (Application Programming Interface)
A set of tools specifying how software components should interact in building applications.
Application Layer
The top layer in a seven-layered OSI model.
AR Token (Arweave)
AR is Arweave’s native token.
Arbitrage
The practice of exploiting price differences by quickly buying and selling the same asset in different markets.
Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT)
A framework for evaluating market efficiency and identifying arbitrage opportunities in financial markets.
Arbitrageur
An investor exploiting pricing inefficiencies between different markets.
Arm Virtual Machine (Qtum)
Qtum’s arm virtual machine allows decentralized execution of applications.
Aroon Indicator
Used to identify trends, changes, and corrective retracements in financial markets.
Ascending Channel
A trend continuation pattern with ascending price action.
Ashdraked
Complete loss of a trader’s invested capital, specifically from shorting Bitcoin.
ASIC (Application-Specific Integrated Circuit)
A device designed for cryptocurrency mining.
ASIC-Resistant
Designed to prevent ASICs from having advantages over consumer-grade hardware.
Ask Price
The minimum price a seller is willing to accept for an asset.
Asset
Resources an organization uses to generate revenue or benefit.
Asset Class
A classification of investments based on common traits.
Asset Financing
Obtaining capital to claim or employ assets, often from banks or financial institutions.
Asset Swap
A financial transaction where assets are swapped for various purposes.
Asset-Backed Tokens
Digital claims backed by a physical asset.
Asset-Based Approach
Valuation considering a company’s assets.
Asset-Based Lending
Lenders focus on the value of a company’s assets rather than just creditworthiness.
Assets Under Management (AUM)
Measures the total market values of funds controlled by an individual or institution.
Astroturfing
Disguising marketing campaigns as genuine community opinions.
Asynchronous
Events not occurring simultaneously or at the same rate.
Atomic Swap
Cryptocurrency transfer between parties without intermediaries.
AtomicDEX
Combines a cryptocurrency wallet and DEX in one application.
Attestation Ledger
An account book providing evidence of individual transactions.
Auction
A public sale through bidding where an asset is sold to the highest bidder.
Audit
A process where developers inspect code or algorithms for authenticity.
Auditor
A trained professional conducting audits for authenticity.
Augmented Reality (AR)
Enhances real-world items using computer-generated information through sensory modalities.
Authentication
A process confirming a user’s identity before granting access to sensitive information.
Authority Masternode (VeChain)
A network-connected server running the VeChainThor full node program.
Automated Market Maker (AMM)
A system providing liquidity through automated trading.
Autonomous Economic Agent (AEA)
A solution by Fetch.ai and IOTA foundation for self-initiating actions.
Average Annual Growth Rate (AAGR)
The mean return on an investment annually.
Average Annual Return (AAR)
Percentage derived from reporting historical return.
Average Daily Trading Volume (ADTV)
The number of shares or coins traded in a day.
Average Directional Index (ADX)
A technical indicator measuring the strength of a market trend.
Average Return
The mean value of returns generated over a specified period.
Average Selling Price (ASP)
The amount at which a specific item is sold on average.
B
Back-to-Back Letters of Credit
Two consecutive letters of credit for a financial transaction through a third party.
Backflush Costing (Backflush Accounting)
An accounting method assigning costs after production completion.
Backlog
A collection of pending tasks in an organization.
Backorder
An order delayed due to a lack of available products.
Backstop
An insurance agreement for unsubscribed shares or additional funds.
Backtesting
Using historical data to simulate the performance of a trading strategy.
Backward Compatibility
New technology interacting seamlessly with older versions.
Bag
Crypto slang for a large quantity of a specific cryptocurrency.
Bagholder
An investor holding large amounts of a coin regardless of its performance.
Bail-In
A relief solution where depositors, creditors, or bondholders share a financial burden.
Bail-Out
Resources injected to prevent an entity from financial downfall.
Bait and Switch Scam
A sales strategy attracting customers with a low rate, then encouraging a higher purchase.
Bakers
Tezos’ process of appending new blocks to its blockchain.
Baking
Tezos’ process of appending new blocks to its blockchain.
Balanced Fund
Mutual funds containing stock and bond components in a single portfolio.
**Bal
anced Investment Strategy**
Attempts to balance return and risk in a portfolio.
Balloon Loan
A loan not designed for full repayment, requiring a balloon payment at maturity.
Balloon Payment
A large amount due at the end of a balloon loan term.
Bandwagon Effect
A phenomenon where decisions are influenced by the majority.
Bandwidth
The quantity of data capacity available for transactions on a network.
Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
An international financial institution promoting global monetary stability.
Bank Run
Customers withdrawing cash from a bank due to fear of insolvency.
Banking as a Service (BaaS)
Platforms allowing banks to open APIs for third parties to develop new services.
Banking Secrecy Act (BSA)
Implemented in the U.S. in 1970 to prevent concealing or laundering illegal gains.
Bankruptcy
A state where an entity or person cannot meet financial obligations.
Bar Chart
A graph used for data visualization and financial analysis.
Basis Point
A unit of measure showing changes in financial interest rates and percentages.
Basket
In cryptocurrency, a collection of digital currencies managed as a single asset.
Basket of Goods
A measure assessing prices of consumer goods and services.
Batch Auctions
A trading mechanism grouping individual orders for simultaneous execution.
Bayes’ Theorem
A statistical tool determining the probability of an event based on previous data.
Beacon Chain
A blockchain coordinating shard chains, managing staking and validator registry in a PoS cryptocurrency like Ethereum 2.0.
Bear
Someone expecting prices in a market to decline over an extended period.
Bear Call Spread
A vertical spread with two calls of different rates but the same expiration date.
Bear Hug
A hostile takeover strategy offering to buy a company at a higher rate.
Bear Market
A market where asset prices fall by 20% or more, leading to low investor confidence.
Bear Trap
The attempted manipulation of a cryptocurrency’s price through coordinated trader activity.
Bearwhale
A person with a high number of cryptocurrencies using their account to drive prices down and profit.
Behavioral Finance
A branch combining psychology and economics to explain how emotions influence financial decisions.
Benchmark
Comparing the performance of an asset or investment portfolio to similar assets.
Benchmark Index
A popular index used as a benchmark for tracking the broader market’s progress.
Benefit-Cost Ratio
An indicator in cost-benefit analysis determining the viability of cash flows.
BEP-2 (Binance Chain Tokenization Standard)
A technical standard for tokens on Binance Chain.
BEP-20
A BNB Chain token standard extending ERC-20.
BEP-721
A Binance Smart Chain (BSC) token standard enabling the generation of non-fungible tokens (NFTs).
BEP-95 (Bruno Hard Fork Upgrade)
Binance Evolution Protocol (BEP-95) is a Bruno hard fork upgrade speeding up BNB token burning.
Beta (Release)
A pre-release stage offering software access to a limited number of users for testing.
Bid Price
The cost someone is willing to pay for an asset.
Bid-Ask Spread
The difference between the highest price a buyer is willing to pay and the lowest price a seller is willing to accept.
Big Tech
The largest technological corporations, particularly Facebook, Apple, Google, and Amazon.
Binance Chain Explorer
A web-based platform providing information on BNB Chain.
Binance Labs
A project nurturing, investing, and developing blockchain and crypto initiatives.
Binance Launchpad
A platform for crypto-startups to raise capital and market projects to Binance investors.
Binary Code
A two-symbol system based on “0” and “1” representing text, computer commands, or data.
Bit
The basic unit of information in computing.
Bitcoin ATM (BTM)
An automated teller machine allowing users to buy and sell Bitcoin.
Bitcoin DApps
Decentralized applications (DApps) running on Bitcoin-powered blockchains.
Bitcoin Dominance (BTCD)
A metric determining the share of the overall crypto market owned by Bitcoin.
Bitcoin ETF
An investment fund tracking Bitcoin’s price, allowing investors to buy and sell shares on an exchange.
Bitcoin Halving
An event halving the total rewards per confirmed block.
Bitcoin Improvement Proposal (BIP)
The standard format for proposing changes to Bitcoin.
Bitcoin Misery Index (BMI)
An investment tool ranging from 0 to 100, used by investors.
Bitcoin NFTs
Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) minted on Bitcoin-powered blockchains.
Bitcoin Pizza
Refers to the transaction where Laszlo Hanyecz paid 10,000 Bitcoins for two pizzas.
Bitcoin Virtual Machine (BitVM)
A proposed system allowing complex computations and smart contracts on the Bitcoin network.
Bitcoiner
A person bullish on Bitcoin.
Bitcointalk
The most popular online forum dedicated to Bitcoin, cryptocurrency, and blockchain technology.
BitLicense
A business license permitting regulated virtual currency activities.
BitPay
A Bitcoin payment service provider.
Bits
A commonly used unit, or subdivision, of a single Bitcoin.
Bitstream
Configuration data loaded onto an FPGA.
Black Hat Hacker
A hacker using malware to penetrate computerized networks and systems.
Black Swan Event
An unexpected event with a significant impact.
Black-Scholes Model
A mathematical formula determining the fair price of stock options.
Blake-256:
Blake-256 is a hash algorithm used in Decred, designed by Jean-Philippe Aumasson and others. It helps secure transactions in the Decred blockchain.
Block:
A block is like a file containing transaction info in a specific time period. Blocks are fundamental parts of a blockchain, holding the records of transactions.
Block Explorer:
A block explorer is like a search engine for a blockchain. It lets users check details of blocks, often referred to as a blockchain browser.
Block Header:
A block header uniquely identifies a block in a blockchain. It’s continuously hashed to provide proof-of-work for mining incentives.
Block Height:
Block height is a number telling how many blocks came before a specific one in the blockchain.
Block Lattice (Nano):
Nano uses a block lattice, a structure replacing the traditional blockchain. Each user has an individual blockchain.
Block Producer:
A block producer verifies transactions and starts the next block in most Proof-of-Stake blockchains.
Block Reward:
Coins given to miners for solving the cryptographic problem needed to create a new block on a blockchain.
Block Size:
In blockchain, block size is about how much transaction data a block can carry.
Block Time:
Block time is the approximate time it takes for a blockchain to produce a new block.
Block Trade:
A block trade is a large-scale securities purchase or sale outside of an open market.
Blockchain:
A distributed ledger system, a chain of blocks storing digital info. It’s the foundation for cryptocurrencies.
Blockchain 1.0, 2.0, 3.0:
Different phases of blockchain evolution, with 1.0 focused on crypto, 2.0 introducing smart contracts, and 3.0 aiming for global adoption.
Blockchain Explorer:
A search engine allowing users to browse blockchain records.
Blockchain Mutual Credit:
A framework for stable cryptocurrencies derived from multilateral exchange networks.
Blockchain Transmission Protocol (BTP):
BTP enables isolated blockchains to work together as a decentralized settlement layer.
Blockchain Tribalism:
People in the blockchain community becoming ideologically aligned with a specific blockchain or crypto.
Blockchain Trilemma:
Issues (decentralization, security, scalability) that challenge blockchains.
Blockchain-As-a-Service (BaaS):
BaaS offers blockchain capabilities to businesses without the need for a dedicated blockchain framework.
Blockchain-Enabled Smart Locks:
Smart locks using blockchain for enhanced security.
Blockweave:
A data storage protocol building upon blockchain architecture with a unique interconnected structure.
Bluesky Crypto Protocol:
Decentralized social network protocol organized by Twitter, allowing interaction between social networks.
Bollinger Band:
A tool by Bollinger for recognizing pattern recognition in prices, plotted away from moving averages.
Bonding Curve:
A mathematical curve defining the price-supply relationship of an asset.
Bots:
Automated software for tasks like cryptocurrency trades.
Bottleneck:
A point where capacity becomes restricted, causing congestion and performance slowdown.
Bounty:
A reward for users performing tasks assigned by a blockchain or project.
Brave Browser:
A browser focused on privacy and security.
BRC-20:
An experimental token standard on the Bitcoin blockchain, similar to Ethereum’s ERC-20.
Breaking:
In crypto, breaking forward compatibility is seen in hard forks.
Brian Armstrong:
Founder of Coinbase, a major cryptocurrency exchange.
Bridges:
Blockchain bridges facilitate data or token transfer between different projects.
Browser Extension:
A plugin for internet browsers adding extra features.
Brute Force Attack (BFA):
An attempt to crack a password through automated trial and error.
Bubble:
When an asset is traded at a price exceeding its intrinsic value.
Bug Bounty:
A reward for identifying vulnerabilities in software.
Bug Exploit:
An attack taking advantage of system vulnerabilities.
Bull, Bull Market, Bull Run, Bull Trap:
Optimistic individuals, growing market prices, prolonged price increases, and a deceptive upward reversal, respectively.
Burn/Burned:
Tokens or coins are considered “burned” when intentionally removed from circulation.
Buy The Dip (BTD/BTFD):
Enthusiastic call to buy when prices are low.
Buy Wall:
A large buy order on a cryptocurrency exchange.
Byron Phase:
The first phase of Cardano, released in September 2017.
Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT):
A system’s ability to reach consensus despite some component failures.
Byzantine Generals’ Problem:
Consensus challenge in a group where communication can’t be trusted.
Byzantium Fork:
An Ethereum hard fork enhancing smart contracts for commercial use.
C, C++:
C++ is an extension of the C programming language, allowing cross-platform developments.
Call Options:
Financial contracts giving the right (but not obligation) to purchase an asset at a specific price.
Candlesticks:
A graphing technique showing price changes over time, providing info on opening, closing, high, and low prices.
Capital:
A large sum of money used for investment.
Capital Efficiencies:
The ratio comparing a company’s spending on revenue growth to the profits received in return.
Capital Funds:
Money provided as debt or equity to operate a company.
Capitulation:
Selling assets at a significant loss due to loss of hope in price increase.
Casascius Coin:
A physical Bitcoin unit in the form of brass, silver, or gold-plated coins.
Cascading Liquidations:
An event where liquidations pile up, causing a sudden price change.
Cash:
Cash is the most liquid form of money, consisting of physical coins and banknotes.
CashToken:
CashTokens are new opcodes extending Bitcoin Cash capabilities to support financial primitives in the form of fungible and non-fungible tokens.
Casper (Ethereum):
Casper is a project implementing Proof-of-Stake (PoS) into the Ethereum network.
Cathie Wood:
Cathie Wood is a top stock investor and founder of ARK Invest, focusing on cutting-edge technologies.
CeDeFi:
CeDeFi, or centralized decentralized finance, merges traditional financial services with decentralized applications, combining regulatory policies with modern financial products.
Censorship:
Censorship involves altering, suppressing, or prohibiting speech or writing deemed detrimental to the public.
Censorship Resistance:
Censorship resistance ensures no party can prevent participation in a given platform or network.
Central Bank:
The central bank formulates monetary policy and regulates member banks in contemporary economies.
Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC):
CBDCs are digital currencies issued by a central bank with legal tender status governed by government regulations.
Central Ledger:
A central ledger records transactions in a centralized manner, either physically or digitally.
Central Processing Unit (CPU):
A CPU interprets and executes programs, coordinating a computer’s components.
Centralized:
A centralized organizational structure is controlled by a single node or a small number of them.
Centralized Exchange (CEX):
CEXs are cryptocurrency exchanges operated in a centralized manner by a company.
Centre (Consortium):
A consortium by Coinbase and Circle managing USD Coin (USDC).
Certificate of Deposit (CD):
A CD allows customers to earn an interest rate premium after making a deposit.
Chain Reorganization:
Chain reorganization allows node operators to replace blocks, creating new, longer chains.
Chain Split:
Chain splits occur in cryptocurrency forks, separating a single coin into independently managed projects.
Change:
Change in cryptocurrencies refers to the coins sent back to a user after a transaction.
Change Address:
A change address temporarily stores transaction change before returning it to the sender’s wallet.
Changpeng Zhao (CZ):
CZ is the founder of the cryptocurrency exchange Binance.
Chargeback:
A chargeback returns money to the payer in transactions, commonly involving credit or debit cards.
Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME):
CME is a major exchange for trading futures and options in the United States.
Chunk (NEAR):
A chunk is a fraction of each block produced as a result of sharding in the NEAR protocol.
Cipher:
A cipher is an algorithm used to encrypt and decrypt information.
Ciphertext:
Ciphertext is the result of encryption performed on plaintext using an algorithm.
Circle:
Circle is the FinTech firm behind the USDC stablecoin.
Circulating Supply:
Circulating supply is the best approximation of coins in the market and the public’s hands.
Client:
A client is software processing blockchain transactions on a local computer, often a cryptocurrency software wallet.
Close:
Close refers to the closing price in trading, similar to stock trading terminology.
Cloud:
Cloud servers are located in various data centers globally.
Cloud Mining:
Cloud mining involves renting remote processing power for cryptocurrency mining.
Co-Signer:
A co-signer has partial control over a cryptocurrency wallet.
Code:
Coding is writing programming statements for a program.
Code Repository:
A code repository is a digital library where developers store and collaborate on their codes.
Coin:
A coin can be an independent cryptocurrency or a single unit of such cryptocurrency.
Coin Mixer:
Coin mixers make transactions untraceable by mixing addresses.
Coinbase:
Coinbase in mineable cryptocurrencies is the number of coins generated for mining each new block.
Coinbase Transaction:
The first transaction in a new block where miners receive Bitcoins and mining fees.
Cold Storage:
Offline storage of cryptocurrencies, often using hardware wallets, USBs, or paper wallets.
Cold Wallet:
A cold wallet is a cryptocurrency wallet in cold storage, not connected to the internet.
Collaborative Venture Building (CVB):
CVB is a process where multiple individuals or organizations collaborate to create a new company or product.
Collateral:
Collateral is an asset securing a loan.
Collateral Cap:
Collateral cap diversifies lending risk away from any single asset.
Collateral Factor:
Collateral factor determines the maximum amount a user can borrow based on the total supplied assets.
Collateral Margin:
Collateral margin is the percentage of the total investment value that an investor contributes.
Collateral Tokens:
Collateral tokens mitigate risk when borrowing other crypto tokens.
Collateralization:
Collateralization uses one asset as insurance for securing a loan in another asset.
Collateralized Debt Obligation:
CDO is a mixture of loans and assets sold to big investment firms.
Collateralized Debt Position (CDP):
CDP involves locking collateral to generate stablecoins through smart contracts.
Collateralized Mortgage Obligation (CMO):
CMO bundles multiple mortgages and sells them to investors.
Collateralized Stablecoin:
A stablecoin backed entirely or almost entirely by collateral.
Commingling:
Commingling combines funds from different investors for maximum benefits.
Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC):
CFTC regulates the U.S. derivatives market.
COMP Token:
COMP is the native asset of the Compound protocol.
Composability (DeFi):
Composability allows developers to combine different blockchain components to create new applications and services in DeFi.
Composable DeFi:
Composable DeFi enables interoperability between different DeFi protocols, fostering a range of new use cases and financial products.
Composable Token:
A composable token is an ERC-998 token, extending the ability for non-fungible tokens to own other tokens.
Concentrated Liquidity:
Concentrated liquidity improves capital efficiency for liquidity providers.
Confirmation:
Confirmation measures how many blocks have passed since a transaction was added to a blockchain.
Confirmations:
A transaction is considered confirmed when included in a block, with each new block providing an additional confirmation.
Consensus:
Consensus is achieved when all participants agree on the order and content of blocks in a blockchain.
Consensus Layer:
The consensus layer facilitates agreement among nodes on the true state of a blockchain.
Consensus Mechanism:
A consensus mechanism is a technology behind the main functionalities of all blockchain technology.
ConsenSys:
ConsenSys offers developer tools and enterprise solutions in blockchain technology.
Consolidation:
Consolidation in trading is when an asset’s price trades between two levels, reflecting market indecisiveness.
Consortium Blockchain:
A privately owned blockchain where a consortium shares information not readily available to the public.
Consumer Price Index (CPI):
CPI tracks prices of a basket of goods and services for market insights.
Contract:
In cryptocurrencies, a contract is a binding agreement between two parties, often executed by smart contracts.
Contract Account:
A contract account has a crypto balance and associated code.
Contract for Difference (CFD):
A CFD outlines a buyer’s obligation to pay any price difference due to shifting asset valuations.
Coordinator:
A coordinator in blockchain technology allows nodes to verify the validity of their ledger copy against specific transactions.
Core Wallet:
A core crypto wallet can contain the entire blockchain, not just a portion.
Corporate Treasury:
A corporate treasury manages a company’s liquidity, risk, funds, and other resources.
Correction:
A correction is a price pullback of at least 10% to adjust for over-valuation.
Counter-Terrorism Financing:
Efforts to disrupt funding for terrorist organizations and activities.
CPU Miner:
Mining cryptocurrency using a central processing unit (CPU) is called CPU mining.
Craig Wright:
Craig Wright is associated with Bitcoin SV.
Credit Rating:
Credit rating predicts a borrower’s capability to repay debt.
Credit Risk:
Credit risk represents the possibility of a bank losing money due to a borrower’s inability to repay a loan.
Cross Margin:
Cross Margin uses the full available balance to avoid liquidations.
Cross-Border Trading:
Cross-border trading enables global trade using local currencies.
Cross-Chain:
Cross-chain technology enhances interconnection between blockchain networks.
Cross-Chain Communication:
Cross-chain communication allows different protocols to verify data and transactions.
Cross-Chain Contract Calls:
Cross-chain contract calls enable free movement of information, cryptocurrencies, or NFTs between blockchains.
Crowdfunding:
Crowdfunding collects funds from a large number of people through various platforms.
Crowdloan:
Projects raise funds through DOT or KSM tokens for slots on Kusama or Polkadot networks.
Crypto Debit Card:
A crypto debit card allows payment using cryptocurrencies.
Crypto Invoicing:
Crypto invoicing creates invoices for goods and services paid in cryptocurrencies.
Crypto Loan:
A crypto loan is a secured loan where an asset serves as collateral for financing.
Crypto Winter:
Crypto winter is a market period where major coin prices fall dramatically from all-time highs.
Cryptoasset:
A cryptoasset is a digital asset using cryptographic technologies.
Cryptocurrency:
Cryptocurrencies use cryptographic technologies for secure operation.
Cryptocurrency Money Laundering:
Money laundering involves changing fiat to digital currency to obscure funds.
Cryptocurrency Pairs:
Exchanges use cryptocurrency pairs for trading different tokens.
Cryptographic Hash Function:
Hash functions produce a fixed-size hash value from variable-size transaction input.
Cryptography:
Cryptography secures information to prevent unauthorized access.
Cryptojacking:
Cryptojacking is using another party’s computer to mine cryptocurrency without consent.
Cryptology:
Cryptology is the study of cryptography and cryptanalysis.
CryptoPunks:
CryptoPunks are Ethereum-based non-fungible tokens.
Currency:
Currency is a medium of exchange defining value.
Currency Crisis:
A currency crisis occurs when a fiat currency loses value, causing investor caution.
Curve AMO:
Curve is software using multiple cryptocurrencies for an automated market maker (AMM) service focusing on stablecoins.
Custodial:
Custodial cryptocurrency businesses possess customers’ funds during service use.
Custodian:
A custodian holds assets safely for institutions or individuals.
Custody:
Custody is a financial institution’s legal capacity to preserve assets for clients.
Cypherpunk:
The cypherpunk movement advocates cryptography and privacy-focused technologies for societal progress.
D:
Daedalus Wallet is an open-source, hierarchical-deterministic wallet allowing endless key generation from a single seed.
DAO Summoning:
DAO summoning is creating or forming a DAO, often mentioned in forming Moloch DAO or any new DAO.
Dark Web:
The dark web is a portion of the internet not indexed by search engines, accessed with specific software.
Darknodes:
RenVM is powered by Darknodes, a decentralized network offering computing power and storage.
Data Privacy:
Data privacy handles the protection and security of sensitive data.
Data Scraping:
Data scraping extracts information from a website into a local file or database.
Data Validation:
Data validation ensures the accuracy, integrity, and quality of a data set before use.
Date of Launch:
Date of launch refers to when ICOs release tokens for sale.
Day Trading:
Day trading involves frequent buying and selling to profit from intraday price changes.
Dead Cat Bounce:
A dead cat bounce is a temporary recovery in prices after a prolonged decrease.
Dead Coin:
A dead coin is a cryptocurrency no longer in existence.
Death Cross:
A death cross is a bearish indicator when the 50-day moving average falls below the 200-day moving average.
Decentralization Maximalism:
Decentralization maximalism believes decentralization is the best approach, minimizing the need for regulation.
Decentralization Ratio:
The Decentralization Ratio (DR) measures decentralized collateral value over the total stablecoin supply.
Decentralized:
Decentralization is a system where nodes or actors work together in a distributed manner to achieve a common goal.
Decentralized API (dAPI):
Decentralized application programming interfaces (dAPIs) are services interoperable with blockchain tech, a creation of the API3 protocol.
Decentralized Applications (DApps):
DApps run on decentralized networks, avoiding a single point of failure.
Decentralized Autonomous Initial Coin Offerings (DAICO):
DAICO introduces governance to ICOs, allowing backers to vote for fund return under certain conditions.
Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAO):
DAOs operate under blockchain-based smart contracts and computer-defined rules.
Decentralized Currency:
Bank-free methods for transferring wealth or ownership without a third party.
Decentralized Database:
A modern storage solution using decentralized tech for high security and censorship resistance.
Decentralized Exchange (DEX):
Peer-to-peer exchanges allowing crypto trading without intermediaries.
Decentralized Governance:
Procedures for equitable management in blockchain networks and dApps.
Decentralized Identifier (DID):
An ID issued by a decentralized platform, acting as proof of digital identity ownership.
Decentralized Marketplace:
Blockchain-based marketplaces facilitating global trade without intermediaries.
Decentralized Network:
Interconnected elements without a central power or server.
Decentralized Order Book:
Trading mechanism where orders match through a distributed network.
Decentralized Payment Network:
System enabling money exchange without trusting third parties.
Decentralized Social Media:
Blockchain-based social media platforms.
Decentralized Stablecoin:
Transparent, non-custodial stablecoins with limited third-party control.
Decryption:
Transforming encrypted data into a readable format.
Deep Web:
Hidden part of the internet not indexed by regular search engines.
DeFi:
Movement for alternative, decentralized financial services.
DeFi Aggregator:
Brings together trades across various DeFi platforms.
DeFi Degens:
Subculture in decentralized finance associated with pump and dump schemes.
Deflation:
A decline in the general price level of goods and services.
Delayed Proof of Work (dPoW):
Second-layer consensus security mechanism protecting blockchains from 51% attacks.
Delegated Proof-of-Stake (dPOS):
An alternative to PoS and PoW consensus algorithms.
Delisting:
Removing an asset from a trading exchange.
Demurrage:
Fee charged for using an asset beyond a certain time.
Denial-of-Service (DoS) Attack:
Aims to make a service temporarily unavailable by flooding it with traffic.
Depth Chart:
Graph showing bids and asks based on limit orders.
Derivative:
Financial instrument deriving value from an underlying asset.
Derivatives Market:
Public market for derivative instruments derived from cryptocurrency assets.
Desktop Wallet:
Non-custodial software wallet for desktops.
Deterministic Wallet:
Cryptocurrency wallet generating keys and addresses from a single seed.
Dex Aggregator:
Blockchain-based service allowing traders access to various financial tools in a single interface.
Dharma Protocol:
Open-source stack for building debt markets on Ethereum.
Diamond Hands:
Term for holding coins despite portfolio value drops.
Difficulty:
Measure of how hard it is to validate a new block on a blockchain.
Digital:
Electronic tools generating, storing, or processing data.
Digital Art:
Art and media created using digital technology.
Digital Asset:
Digital representation of something valuable.
Digital Asset Custodian:
Entity looking after digital assets for an investor or client.
Digital Asset Ecosystem:
Encompasses all elements associated with the crypto space.
Digital Barter Economy:
Facilitates trading physical and virtual items globally.
Digital Commodity:
A commodity existing digitally.
Digital Currency:
Currency existing only in digital form.
Digital Dollar:
Possible digital currency issued by the US central bank.
Digital Identity:
Information used to identify a person or entity in a digital environment.
Digital Signature:
Method to prove the authenticity of a digital communication.
Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA):
Signature algorithm using public-key cryptography for digital signatures.
Dildo:
Graph representation of “candles” showing market movement.
Dip:
Short or prolonged market downturn.
Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG):
Structuring data, often used in cryptocurrencies as a consensus tool.
Discord:
Web-based communication tool, often used for gaming.
Distributed Consensus:
Collective agreement among nodes in a network.
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attack:
Attempt to disrupt an application, server, or network by flooding it with traffic.
Distributed Ledger:
Ledger storing data across decentralized nodes.
Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT):
Database shared by multiple participants forming the basis for blockchains.
Distributed Network:
Network with data and applications dependent on multiple sources.
Distribution Phase:
Market phase moving sideways after an extended uptrend.
Diversification:
Risk-management strategy mixing a variety of investments.
Diversified Proof of Stake:
Variation of PoS allowing multiple assets to be staked on a single blockchain.
Documentation:
Part of token economies storing all asset details on the blockchain.
Dolphin:
Individual with a moderate cryptocurrency holding.
Dominance:
Measure of Bitcoin’s value in the broader cryptocurrency market.
Dorian Nakamoto:
Japanese-American physicist associated with Satoshi Nakamoto.
DotSama:
Slang describing the Kusama and Polkadot ecosystems.
Double Spend Attack:
Practice allowing spending the same cryptocurrency more than once.
Double Spending:
Potential for a digital currency to be spent twice.
dPoSec (Distributed Proof of Security):
Consensus mechanism ensuring blockchain network operation even with compromised nodes.
Drawdown:
Maximum reduction in value from peak value over time.
DRC-20:
Token standard on the Dogecoin network similar to ERC-20 on Ethereum.
Drivechain:
Bitcoin improvement proposal to scale Bitcoin and add features using sidechains.
Dual Governance:
Two-pronged decision-making in a DAO, involving distinct parties.
Dual-Token Economy/Model (Two-Token Economy):
Project with two tokens, one for utility and one as security.
Dump:
Sudden sell-off of digital assets.
Dumping:
Collective market sell-off of a cryptocurrency.
Dust Transactions:
Miniscule amounts of Bitcoin in a wallet.
Dusting Attack:
Attack aiming to uncover a wallet owner’s identity for phishing scams.
DYCO (Dynamic Coin Offering):
Crowdfunding model employing utility tokens backed by USD.
DYOR:
Acronym for “Do Your Own Research” encouraging due diligence before investing.
E-Signature:
An electronic signature, or e-signature, is a digital mark used in place of a physical signature for document or contract signing.
Economic Utility:
Economic utility in economics refers to the total satisfaction a person can derive from consuming a good or service.
Edge Nodes:
In computer science, an edge node serves as an end-user gateway to establish connections with other nodes.
Effective Proof-of-Stake:
Harmony’s version of Proof-of-Stake, aiming for both security and decentralization.
EIP-1559:
An Ethereum upgrade simplifying the fee market mechanism.
Electrum Wallet:
A simple interface Bitcoin wallet for Windows, macOS, and Linux.
ELI5:
Short for “explain like I’m five,” a plea for simplicity in explaining crypto concepts.
Elliott Waves:
Elliott Wave Theory, a tool for stock and crypto market traders.
EMA (Exponential Moving Average):
Technical indicator highlighting recent price changes while keeping older observations intact.
Email Spoofing:
A technique tricking users into thinking a message is from a different person.
Emission:
The speed at which new coins are produced and released.
Encryption:
A method of making information into code for secure transmission.
Enterprise Blockchain:
Use of distributed ledger technology for non-speculative business purposes, tailored for enterprises.
Enterprise Ethereum Alliance (EEA):
A group advancing the development of the Ethereum network.
Epoch:
One entire run of the training dataset through a machine learning algorithm.
Equity:
Funds returned to a company’s shareholders in case of liquidation.
Erasure Coding:
A method of storing data at multiple locations with redundant information.
ERC-7512:
Standardizing how audit reports are represented directly on Ethereum’s blockchain.
ERC-1155:
Digital token standard for creating both fungible and non-fungible assets on Ethereum.
ERC-20:
Tokens designed and used solely on the Ethereum platform.
ERC-223:
Ethereum token standard enabling secure token transfers to a digital wallet.
ERC-721:
Token standard for non-fungible Ethereum tokens.
ERC-777:
Tradable token standard spun out from ERC-20 for new ways to engage with a token contract.
ERC-827:
ETH token standard addressing limitations of ERC-20.
ERC-884:
Facilitates creation of tradable ERC-20 tokens representing share issued by a corporation.
ERC-948:
Ethereum token protocol connecting subscription businesses with customers.
Escrow:
A financial instrument where assets or cash are held by a third party during a deal.
Esports:
Digital gaming competition, often in team-based formats, with significant monetary rewards.
ETH/BTC:
Cryptocurrency trading pair denoting the price of Ethereum in Bitcoin.
Ethash:
Algorithm for proof-of-work mining in Ethereum and ETH-based cryptocurrencies.
Ether:
Form of payment used in Ethereum’s distributed application platform.
Ethereum Difficulty:
Crucial for maintaining network stability and security, especially in Ethereum’s transition to Proof-of-Stake.
Ethereum Improvement Proposal (EIP):
Standards for Ethereum platform improvements, including protocol specifications and contract standards.
Ethereum Request For Comment (ERC):
Protocol introducing improvements to the Ethereum network.
Ethereum Transaction:
Cryptographically signed instructions initiating a transaction to update Ethereum network’s state.
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM):
Turing-complete virtual machine enabling smart contract execution, the runtime environment for every Ethereum node.
Event Triggers:
Smart contracts emit events and write logs to the blockchain when a transaction is mined.
Exchange:
Businesses allowing customers to trade cryptocurrencies for fiat money or other cryptocurrencies.
Exchange Traded Fund (ETF):
A security tracking a basket of assets, tradable like a single stock.
Exit Scam:
A trick where projects disappear after accumulating investors’ money.
F:
An alphabetical placeholder, no specific term provided.
Fakeout:
A sudden, temporary market move tricking traders into thinking a trend is emerging.
Falling Knife:
Price dive of an asset indicating downward market momentum.
Falling Wedge:
Wedge with a downward slope and bullish bias compared to symmetrical triangles.
Fan Token:
Cryptocurrency issued by a sports team, allowing holders to participate in governance and receive exclusive rewards.
FATF Travel Rule:
Requires virtual asset service providers to regulate information sharing for certain large transactions.
Faucet:
Cryptocurrency reward system on websites or apps rewarding users for completing tasks.
Fee Tiers:
Fee structure determining charges for depositing, withdrawing, and executing trades on a crypto exchange.
Fiat:
Government-backed legal tender, either physical or electronic.
Fiat On-Ramp:
A method to convert regular money into cryptocurrency.
Fiat-Pegged Cryptocurrency:
A coin, token, or asset linked to a government or bank-issued currency.
Fibonacci Retracement Level:
Method using Fibonacci ratios to identify support and resistance levels.
Field Programmable Gate Array:
Integrated circuit allowing reconfiguration after manufacturing.
Financial Action Task Force (FATF):
Global organization setting standards to combat money laundering and terrorist financing.
Financial Crime Enforcement Network (FinCEN):
U.S. Treasury regulatory bureau addressing financial crimes.
Financial Transactions and Reports Analysis Centre (FINTRAC):
Canada’s financial intelligence agency.
First In, First Out:
Inventory method specifying cost-basis for tax calculations.
First-Mover Advantage (FMA):
Launch of an innovative product or service providing a head start for a company.
Fish:
Someone with a small crypto investment.
Flash Crash:
Rapid and temporary price fall in an asset.
Flash Loan:
Transaction borrowing and repaying liquidity in the same block.
Flash Loan Attack:
Malicious exploitation of a smart contract using flash loans.
Flash Loans:
Uncollateralized lending in decentralized finance (DeFi).
Flashbots:
Organization addressing adverse effects of Maximal Extractable Value (MEV) extraction.
Flatcoin:
Cryptocurrency value pegged to the cost of living instead of fiat or commodities.
Flippening:
Hypothetical scenario where Ethereum’s market cap overtakes Bitcoin’s.
Flipping:
Investment strategy buying for resale at a profit in a short period.
FOMO:
Acronym for “Fear of Missing Out.”
Fork (Blockchain):
Creation of an alternate version of the blockchain, resulting in two concurrent chains.
Fork (Software):
Development of a new program from open source software source code.
Fork Choice Rule:
Mechanism in Ethereum for nodes to agree on a canonical chain in case of network splits.
Fractional Stablecoins:
Stablecoins backed collaterally and algorithmically.
Fraud Proof:
Technological method serving as a bond in a decentralized environment using Optimistic Rollups.
Front Running:
Placing a transaction in a queue with prior knowledge of a future transaction.
FUD (Fear, Uncertainty and Doubt) [2021]:
Strategy influencing perception by spreading negative, misleading, or false information.
FUDster: Someone spreading FUD (Fear, Uncertainty, and Doubt)
Full Node:
Nodes that download an entire blockchain’s history to observe and enforce its rules.
Fully Diluted Value (FDV):
Total worth or market cap of a cryptocurrency if the entire token supply were in circulation.
Fully Homomorphic Encryption:
A scheme allowing arbitrary computations on encrypted data with the same results as on plaintext.
Fundamental Analysis (FA):
Evaluating economic and financial factors affecting asset value.
Funding Payments:
Periodic payments between traders designed to reduce discrepancies between perpetual and spot market prices.
Fungible:
In cryptocurrency, when a coin or token can be replaced by any other identical one.
Futo:
Organization developing and investing in decentralized technologies and companies.
Futures:
Standardized legal agreements to buy or sell a commodity or asset at a predetermined price in the future.
Gains:
Refers to an increase in value or profit.
Game Channels:
Technological advancement allowing fast gameplay in blockchain gaming, running games and dApps off-chain securely.
Game Theory:
Creating simplified interactive environments to model how entities respond to actions.
GameFi:
Games designed with economic aspects of blockchain and cryptocurrencies, enabling players to control in-game assets for revenue.
Gas:
On Ethereum, a unit measuring computational effort for transactions, smart contracts, or DApps.
Gas Limit:
Maximum amount of gas a user is willing to spend on an Ethereum transaction.
Gas Price:
Price a user is willing to pay for an Ethereum transaction.
Gas Station Networks (GSN):
Enables dApps to provide payment for transactions, allowing users not to hold Ether for gas.
Gavin Wood:
Co-founder of Parity Technologies and one of Ethereum’s founders.
Gems:
Term for relatively unknown low-cap coins with significant potential.
Genesis Block:
First block of data forming a new blockchain, often referred to as block 0 or block 1.
Geotagged NFT:
NFTs with 3D versions of street art and corresponding geo-locations, allowing ownership of virtual and physical artwork.
Geth:
Short for Go Ethereum, a command-line interface for running full Ethereum nodes.
GitHub:
Popular code hosting platform for collaborative development.
Goguen Phase:
Cardano phase allowing smart contract and DApp development.
Gold-Backed Cryptocurrency:
Coin or token representing a value of gold, with one physical gram equaling one coin.
Golden Cross:
Bullish technical indicator when the 50-day moving average crosses the 200-day moving average.
Google Authenticator:
Software-based verification system generating unique one-time codes on mobile phones.
Governance:
In cryptocurrencies, people or organizations with decision-making powers regarding the project.
Governance Token:
Token used to vote on decisions influencing an ecosystem.
GPG Encryption:
GNU Privacy Guard, an open-source alternative to PGP encrypting and signing communications securely.
Graphical Processing Unit (GPU):
Graphics card used for creating 3D images and efficient cryptocurrency mining.
Gray Swan Event:
Significant event with predictable occurrence but low likelihood.
Greater Fool Theory:
Idea that there is always a “greater fool” to sell an overvalued asset to.
Green Candle:
Indication of the price closing higher than the opening price, signaling a bullish market sentiment.
Group Mining:
Multiple people mining together, as opposed to solo mining.
Gwei:
Denomination used in defining the cost of gas in Ether transactions.
Hacking:
Unauthorized use of a computer to manipulate another computer or system.
Hal Finney:
Cryptographer and programmer who pioneered Bitcoin’s development and worked with Satoshi Nakamoto.
Hard Cap:
Absolute maximum supply of a digital asset.
Hard Fork (Blockchain):
Protocol change validating previously invalid transactions and invalidating previously valid transactions.
Hard Fork Combinator:
Tool to combine protocols specifically on the Cardano blockchain after a hard fork.
Hard Peg:
Exchange rate policy where a currency is set at a fixed rate against another currency.
Hardware Security Module:
Computing device securing digital keys and encrypting data.
Hardware Wallet:
Cryptocurrency wallet resembling a USB stick.
Hash:
Output result of a hashing algorithm, creating a unique, fixed-length string to encrypt data.
Hash Function:
Function mapping data to fixed-size data, especially in cryptographic contexts.
Hash Power / Hash Rate:
Measurement unit for computing power consumed by a network to operate continuously.
Hashed Timelock Contract (HTLC):
Agreement between two parties with special features to reduce risk.
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A – Z Cryptocurrency Glossary & Acronyms
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